Animal+Communication+Research

=Animal Communication:=

OCEAN ANIMALS:
http://animals.mom.me/marine-animals-communicate-water-3400.html https://www.dolphins.org/communication http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/exploreorg/gorilla-talk-eorg http://www.whale-world.com/whale-communication/ http://www.worldbookonline.com/kids/home#article/ar830948

Manatee Communication:
http://www.manatee-world.com/manatee-communication/ https://swimmingwiththemanatees.com/faqs/manatee-communication/ http://www.bioexpedition.com/manatee-communication/

Penguins:
http://www.penguins-world.com/penguin-communication/ https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/communication http://www.penguins-world.com/how-do-penguins-communicate/ http://www.bioexpedition.com/penguin-behavior/

DEER COMMUNICATION:
http://www.deerworlds.com/deer-communication/ http://www.outdooralabama.com/deer-communication http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/science/how-do-deer-communicate.html?scrlybrkr

Wolves:
http://www.wolfworlds.com/wolf-communication/ http://www.wolf.org/wolf-info/basic-wolf-info/biology-and-behavior/communication/ http://wolfweb.com/facts-communication.html https://www.livingwithwolves.org/about-wolves/language/

Dogs:
https://www.vetinfo.com/dog-communication.html http://www.the-happy-dog-spot.com/dog-communication.html https://www.thespruce.com/dog-language-understanding-dog-talk-2804565 http://ocdogtraining.com/dog-behavior/dog-communication/

REPTILE COMMUNICATION:
http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?aid=2610&scrlybrkr https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/11/081124-lizard-pushups-missions_2.html https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/snakes-communicate-55ce26c50d8af98e# http://wildliferemovalusa.com/snakecommunicate.html https://www.cuteness.com/article/how-turtles-communicate

=Alligators:= https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/alligators-communicate-b860f714a65c1577 http://animals.mom.me/alligator-communicate-2539.html

How do they behave?
Young alligators remain in the area where they are hatched and are generally a social species when young. This method of group living is associated with greater protection from predators. Adults do not display such close knit bonds, however, they do tend to associate loosly in social groups. When forced to live in tighter areas as a result of drought, though, these animals tend to ignore each other. ( [|Britton, 1999] ; [|Levy, 1991] ; [|Ross, 1989] ) American alligators undergo periods of dormancy when the weather becomes cold. They may excavate a cave in a waterway and leave a portion of it above water during this time. In areas where water level fluctuates, alligators dig themselves into hollows in the mud, which fill with water. These tunnels are often as long as 65 feet and provide protection during extreme hot or cold weather. ( [|Britton, 1999] ; [|Levy, 1991] ) Perhaps the most interesting aspect of alligator behavior is its means of locomotion. Besides swimming, American alligators walk, run, and crawl. Most often they will use a "high walk". In this walk alligators keep their legs almost directly beneath them, as opposed to most reptiles which keep their legs to the sides at a diagonal. This "high walk" results in greater elevation, allowing alligators to almost entirely lift their tales up off of the ground. ( [|Ross, 1989] ) When alligators wish to increase speed they diagonally opposite limbs move forward almost simultaneously. This allows for faster movement, but it also decreases the animal's stability. When the eqilibrium is lost an alligator begins moving in a new way, moving its limbs out to the sides and crashing onto its chest. In this manner an alligator quickly crawls along. This method of movement is most useful when going down steep shorelines into the water. ( [|Ross, 1989] )

===How do they communicate with each other? === American alligators are the most vocal of all crocodilians, and communication begins early in life, while alligators are still in eggs. When they are ready to hatch, the young will make high pitched whining noises. Alligators commonly bellow and roar at one another. The bellow is loud and throaty, and can be heard from up to 165 yards away. Alligators also emit sounds called chumpfs. These are cough like purrs made during courting. ([|Levy, 1991] ; [|Ross, 1989] ) Other communication during mating season includes non-verbal forms such as lifting the head out of the water to show honorable intentions, headslapping by males as a sign of aggression to ward off intruders, and perhaps most notably, the virbrations, bubbles, and ripples seen in the water as a result of subaudible noises.

=Crocodile:= http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/croccomm.html

Komodo Dragon Communication:
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-communication-process-of-a-Komodo-dragon

=BIRD COMMUNICATION:= https://www.reference.com/pets-animals/birds-communicate-ca436abbb11d2a0d https://www.wildernesscollege.com/bird-communication.html https://sciencing.com/birds-communicate-4567063.html = = =MACAWS:= http://www.northernparrots.com/how-do-parrots-communicate-blog336/ https://lafeber.com/pet-birds/species/hyacinth-macaw/

=RODENT COMMUNICATION:=

RABBITS:
https://www.thespruce.com/rabbit-communication-basics-1239300 http://www.wihumane.org/behavior/ask-the-experts/rabbit-behavior/rabbit-communication http://language.rabbitspeak.com/

Chipmunk Communication:
http://animals.mom.me/chipmunks-communicate-6796.html

Guinea Pig Communication:
http://www.guineapigmanual.com/guinea-pig-sounds/ https://smallpetselect.com/uncategorized/guinea-pig-communication-body-language https://www.thespruce.com/guinea-pig-vocalizations-and-body-language-1238882

Mouse Communication:
http://animals.mom.me/mice-communicate-3700.html = = =Porcupine Communication:= http://animals.mom.me/porcupines-communicate-other-4651.html

How do they behave?
Porcupines are not very social creatures. They spend most of their time alone. Pporcupines are more social during the winter, when they may share dens and forage in groups. Because of their well developed defenses, porcupines don't need to live in groups to defend against predators. They are safe and comfortable alone. Both males and females are territorial, although males denfend their territories more than do females. An individual knows its territory quite well and usually does not venture too far from it; the main exceptions are excursions to get salt or apples. Unlike most polygynous mammals, dispersal of young porcupines is female biased. Young female porcupines leave their natal range and travel farther than do males. Because dominant males maintain established breeding territories for up to 3 breeding seasons, daughters who don't leave home run the risk of mating with their fathers. Sons, however, are not likely to mate with their mothers because they are not large enough to compete with other males to defend a potential mate. ( [|Roze, 1989] ; [|Sweitzer and Berger, 1998] )

= Anteaters =

http://www.zooborns.com/zooborns/anteater/

Giant Anteaters do not have a good sense of sight or hearing but their sense of smell is excellent. They are generally silent and most communication occurs between a mother and her young. They communicate by snorts, hisses, sniffs and if they are alarmed or fighting sometimes they roar.

=Echidna: Spiny Anteater= Behavior

Short-beaked echidnas are semi-fossorial, digging in substrate for hibernation cover and to construct nursery burrows. They decrease energy usage by hibernating from early autumn to late spring. Short-beaked echidnas reduce their body temperature to 8 to 10 degrees C during torpor and use behavioral thermoregulation to maintain that preferred body temperature. During early hibernation, individuals prefer cooler soil temperatures compared with the coldest period of hibernation, at which time they will move to warmer hibernacula. During hibernation there are periodic arousals from torpor. The timing of hibernation seasons varies by subspecies, geographic location, sex, and reproductive state. Short-beaked echidnas are flexible in their exploitation of substrates for hibernacula, commonly using leaf litter and grass tussocks. ( [|Nicol and Anderson, 2007b] ; [|Nicol and Anderson, 2007a] )

Communication and Perception
Short-beaked echidnas sense other echidnas predominantly through smell. Recent findings suggest feces piles act as an important intra-specific form of communication. (poop piles to keep away others!!) =Scaly Anteater...Pangolin= Pangolin scales provide good defense against predators. When threatened, pangolins can quickly curl into a ball, protecting their defenseless undersides. They also deter predators by hissing and puffing, and lashing their sharp edged tails. Pangolins, dependent on their strong sense of smell, identify their territories by scent marking with urine and secretions from a special gland, and by scattering feces. Scientists suspect that these odors advertise dominance.

http://www.pangolins.org/2012/02/18/25-facts-about-pangolins/

=**SHARKS**= http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/sharks/

http://www.livescience.com/topics/sharks

http://ocean.si.edu/sharks

http://www.seashepherd.org/sharks/?gclid=CjwKEAjwu6a5BRC53sW0w9677RcSJABoFn4sDeaoFqLuuV4ZEFTkr5cb6Q6QyLOAITgJOGcoZsddNxoCUI_w_wcB

SOUND COMMUNICATION:
http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/11/14/7-animals-that-use-vibrations-to-communicate/

SMELL COMMUNICATION:
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep3d.htm

LOTS OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS:
http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep3a.htm

http://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-do-animals-communicate/

http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-animals-communicate-chemical-visual-electrical-signals.html

http://www.britannica.com/topic/animal-communication

https://ypte.org.uk/factsheets/communication-in-animals/scent

http://animals.mom.me/marine-animals-communicate-water-3400.html

http://www.weblessons.com/Teacher/guide.php?lessonID=537&dallaszoo

https://www.quora.com/How-do-animals-communicate

https://ypte.org.uk/factsheets/communication-in-animals/scent

https://prezi.com/cgzqxelp9yhx/how-do-animals-communicate/

http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/animalbehavior/signalingandcommunication/section2.rhtml

http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/nwep3d.htmL

=**HORSES**= http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/horse/

http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/horses/

http://quatr.us/environment/horses.htm

=**Dogs:**= http://centerforshelterdogs.tufts.edu/dog-behavior/dog-communication-and-body-language/

http://dogtime.com/dog-breeds/profiles

http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/guide/puppy-care

http://www.vetstreet.com/care/puppy-basics-101-how-to-care-for-your-new-dog

http://www.drsfostersmith.com/pic/article.cfm?articleid=2073

= =

=**MONKEYS AND APES**= http://www.gorillas-world.com/gorilla-communication/ http://a-z-animals.com/animals/monkey/

http://www.livescience.com/topics/monkey

http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/monkey

http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/spider-monkey/#spider-monkey-group-25880544.jpg

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/rhesus-monkey/

http://www.livescience.com/51017-ape-facts.html

http://www.centerforgreatapes.org/treatment-apes/about-apes/

=**SIAMESE CATS**= http://cattime.com/cat-breeds/siamese-cats

http://www.petmd.com/cat/breeds/c_ct_siamese

http://www.vetstreet.com/cats/siamese#0_ryz4d6cf

http://www.tica.org/find-a-breeder/item/268-siamese-introduction

=**ELEPHANTS**= http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/elephant

http://www.defenders.org/elephant/basic-facts

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/african-elephant/

http://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/elephant

https://www.elephants.com/

http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/elephants/